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Indian Peace Commissioners in council with the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho, Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory

Title: Peace negotiations at Fort Laramie, 1868; General Sherman and Indian Commissioners in conference with Indians (probably Dakota); from L: S.F.Tappan, General William S. Harney, General W.T. Sherman, John B. Sanborn, General C.C. Augur, General Alfred H. Terry, Ashton S.H. White, Secretary

Credit Line: Owner: National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; This record is part of the Catalog of American Portraits, a research archive of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Permission to reproduce images (if available) must be obtained from the portrait owner. Please note that if an owner is listed above, this information may not be current.

Exhibition Label: In the summer of 1867, when Congress convened the Indian Peace Commission, popular opinion in the eastern United States supported a diplomatic resolution to the so-called “Indian problem” on both the northern and southern Plains. (The negotiations on the southern Plains were not photographed.) Consisting of civilians and army generals, the commission managed to secure treaties with the region’s “hostile” tribes and convened its final meeting on October 7, 1868. By then, public sentiment had taken an aggressive turn and demanded increased military intervention in Indian matters. Overruling their more diplomatically minded colleagues, the commission’s military members—led by General William T. Sherman—used the shift in the political landscape to advantage. As a body, the commission resolved that the government “should cease to recognize the Indian tribes as ‘domestic dependent nations.’” Treaty-making, or diplomacy, was at an end, and in the coming years, military conflict characterized U.S.–Indian relations on the Plains.